The mechanism of different cyanobacterial responses to glyphosate

Glyphosate, the most extensively used herbicide globally, has raised ecotoxicological concerns because it can be transported into the aquatic environment and cause adverse effects on the aquatic system. However, the functional mechanism of glyphosate on cyanobacteria are not completely disentangled. In this study, we selected six common cyanobacteria to evaluate glyphosate effects on cyanobacterial growth in monoculture experiment. Results showed that the growth of five tested cyanobacterial species were promoted under different degrees, and only Pseudanabaena was inhibited by glyphosate. In the phylogenetic tree based on gene sequences of 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), a target for glyphosate, we found that the position of Pseudanabaena is the closest to plant, which was sensitive to glyphosate, thereby explaining the inhibitory effect of Pseudanabaena following glyphosate exposure. The primary degraded metabolites or analogs did not induce cyanobacterial growth, laterally demonstrating that glyphosate was used as a source of phosphorus to accelerate cyanobacterial growth because phosphorus levels increased in the medium of glyphosate treatment. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the influence of glyphosate on the composition of aquatic microbiota and explains the mechanism of cyanobacterial response to glyphosate.     

IMPACT OF COAL SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION ON SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN THREE OHIO WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Prior to PL95–87 little research had been conducted to determine the impacts of mining and reclamation practices on sediment concentrations and yields on a watershed scale. Furthermore, it was unknown whether sediment yield and other variables would return to undisturbed levels after reclamation. Therefore, three small watersheds, with differing lithologies and soils, were monitored for runoff and suspended sediment concentrations during three phases of watershed disturbances: undisturbed watershed condition, mining and reclamation disturbances, and post‐reclaimed condition. Profound increases in suspended‐sediment concentrations, load rates, and yields due to mining and reclamation activities, and subsequent drastic decreases after reclamation were documented. Even with increases in runoff potential, reductions in suspended‐sediment concentrations and load rates to below or near undisturbed‐watershed levels is possible by using the mulch‐crimping technique and by removing diversions. Maximum concentrations and load rates occurred during times of active disturbances that exposed loose soil and spoil to high‐intensity rains. Sediment concentrations remained elevated compared with the undisturbed watershed when diversions were not well maintained and overtopped, and when they were not removed for final reclamation. Diversions are useful for vegetation establishment, but should be maintained until they are removed for final reclamation after good vegetative cover is established.     

Accumulation of free and covalently bound microcystins in tissues of Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda) following toxic cyanobacteria or dissolved microcystin-LR exposure

Accumulation of free microcystins (MCs) in freshwater gastropods has been demonstrated but accumulation of MCs covalently bound to tissues has never been considered so far. Here, we follow the accumulation of total (free and bound) MCs in Lymnaea stagnalis exposed to i) dissolved MC-LR (33 and 100 μg L⁻¹) and ii) Planktothrix agardhii suspensions producing 5 and 33 μg MC-LR equivalents L⁻¹ over a 5-week period, and after a 3-week depuration period. Snails exposed to dissolved MC-LR accumulated up to 0.26 μg total MCs g⁻¹ dry weight (DW), with no detection of bound MCs. Snails exposed to MCs producing P. agardhii accumulated up to 69.9 μg total MCs g⁻¹ DW, of which from 17.7 to 66.7% were bound. After depuration, up to 15.3 μg g⁻¹ DW of bound MCs were detected in snails previously exposed to toxic cyanobacteria, representing a potential source of MCs transfer through the food web.     

The Reuse of Urban and Industrial Waste in Tai-Lin-Pu Reclamation Project,Taiwan

Abstract

This study introduces the principles of KMG's (Kaoshiung Municipal Government) dealing with the non-poisonous urban and industrial waste through reclamation of shore land in reinforcing a sense of coastal protection and land development in Tai-Lin-Pu coastal area, southern Taiwan.

Through a series of experimental studies, we found that substitutes of coarse aggregate with a broad spectrum of integrating slag powder, fly ash, and cementitious material can be obtained with a benefit up to 80% saving of cement. the integrated aggregates from the non-poisonous industrial wastes were subsequently made into armour units and used in the field tests at Tai-Lin-Pu coastal area, where the shorelines are seriously eroded. After being subjected to several severe typhoon advents, the results showed that the waste-made units used as the protection breakwater, together with construction wastes and excavated soil as the filling material, prove to be an effective practice in utilizing recycled urban waste to reclaim erosive shore lands. Moreover, this study also demonstrates that through detailed analysis of the waste characteristics, scrap material could be turned into valuable construction aggregates, and highlights the value of non-poisonous urban and industrial waste as a alternative resource for the shore protection engineering.     

厌氧后猪场废水资源化制备微生物絮凝剂

通过检测碳源、氮源、磷酸盐和pH等对微生物絮凝剂絮凝率的影响,考察了红平红球菌利用厌氧处理后的猪场废水生产微生物絮凝剂的性能。通过正交实验研究各因素对絮凝率的交互影响以及影响程度的相对大小,从而确定了最佳培养基。结果表明,1.0 L厌氧处理后的猪场废水中加入蔗糖10.0 g、KH2PO42.0 g、K2HPO45.0 g、NaCl 1.0 g、Mg-SO40.2 g,在温度30℃、摇床速度120 r/min、pH=8的条件下发酵72 h后,发酵液的絮凝率可达到92.57%。表明厌氧处理后的猪场废水中加入适量的蔗糖和磷酸盐,完全可以作为一种有效的生产微生物絮凝剂的培养基。     

巢湖富营养化遥感监测

以巢湖为研究区,通过对蓝藻水华暴发程度与其光谱反射率之间关系的研究,确定MOD IS遥感影像识别水华暴发级别的阈值,对4类不同暴发程度蓝藻水华光谱特征进行遥感识别;进而确立巢湖水体富营养化评价方法,建立巢湖富营养化遥感反演模型,为实时监控巢湖水质,预警蓝藻水华暴发提供技术支持。     

Effects of cyanobacteria producing microcystins on seed germination and seedling growth of several agricultural plants

The effects of cyanobacteria aqueous extracts containing Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on the seed germination and growth of Pisum sativum, Lens esculenta, Zea mays and Triticum durum were investigated. Experiments were carried out on a range of doses of the extract (equivalent to 0, 1.6, 2.9, 5.8, 8.7 and 11.6 μ g MC-LR/mL). The results confirm that these plants were sensitive to cell-free extracts of a toxic Microcystis and that germination inhibition was dose dependent. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that P. sativum is the most sensitive tested species with a 97% germination rate reduction and L. esculenta was the most resistant. At the 8th day, the exposure to the microcystins (MC) resulted in a significant decrease of plant epicotyls length, roots length and a net inhibition of lateral root formation. It is concluded that MC could affect also terrestrial plants seedling germination and growth. Therefore, the use of water for irrigation contaminated by MC could exert negative biochemical effects on seed and plant metabolism which might influence the agricultural crops.     

Evaluating the eco-environment benefit of land reclamation in the dump of an opencast coal mine

Land reclamation significantly affects the ecological and environmental conditions of mining areas. However, quantifying the exact effects is difficult because of the lack of reliable data. The estimation of eco-environment benefit contributes to clarify the ecological and environmental changes caused by land reclamation and to provide useful information for policy-makers concerned with sustainable development. The aim of this study is to investigate variations in eco-environment benefit in response to land use changes during land reclamation. The West dump, one of the earliest regions to implement ecological restoration in Liaoning Province, is selected as the study area. The widely used methods for eco-environment benefits based on the land use change were proposed and applied to the West dump in 2004, 2009, and 2014. The total eco-environment benefits in study areas were 0.98 million dollars in 2004, 1.39 million dollars in 2009, and 1.43 million dollars in 2014, with an increase of 0.41 million dollars from 2004 to 2009 mainly because of the increasing areas of artificial woodland and reclaimed cropland. The combined eco-environment benefits of artificial woodland, improved grassland, and reclaimed cropland were over 90% of the total benefits. Soil formation and protection, biodiversity protection, and gas regulation were the top three functions with high eco-environment benefits, contributing about half of the total eco-environment benefits. The results suggest that future studies estimating eco-environment benefits should pay more attention to ecosystems in fragile ecological regions where various human interferences happen frequently. All of the abovementioned results made the techniques of estimation of the eco-environment benefit of land reclamation are more meaningful in guiding the future exploitation and reclamation of mining areas.     

围填海对芝罘湾生态环境的影响

围填海开发活动己经成为各国沿海地区拓展空间、获取资源的一种重要方式,同时围填海工程对海洋生态环境的负面影响也不可忽视.以芝罘湾为例,整理并分析了1985-2017年中4个时间梯度表层水、沉积物和海洋生物的空间分布实测数据,分析近年来大规模围填海工程对其湾内生态环境的影响.结果表明:①芝罘湾内表层水中ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）、ρ（Cu）、ρ（Pb）、ρ（Zn）、ρ（Cr）和沉积物中w（Cu）、w（Pb）、w（Zn）、w（Cr）在空间分布上一致,均呈现出自湾顶向湾口逐渐降低的趋势,围填海海域的污染物浓度高且污染范围扩大.②2017年表层水中ρ（TN）、TN/TP、ρ（Cu）、ρ（Pb）、ρ（Zn）、ρ（Cr）分别是1985年的12、14、8、7、2、14倍,ρ（TP）因国家对含磷农药的限制而呈现降低趋势.③围填海海域沉积物中的重金属含量增加,但由于2016年底的疏浚工程,2017年沉积物中w（Cu）、w（Pb）、w（Zn）、w（Cr）较2010年分别降低了60.13%、77.25%、39.17%、25.32%.④2010-2017年,ρ（Chla）降低了58.00%;浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖生物的物种数量分别下降了近47.50%、43.30%、26.30%,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别下降了20.49%、15.41%、10.41%,丰富度指数分别下降了69.33%、87.56%、61.90%.研究显示,围填海对芝罘湾生态环境产生了不利影响,表层水、沉积物及海洋生物均呈现不同程度的恶化和退化趋势.      

环境DNA宏条形码技术在蓝藻群落监测中的应用

全球气候变化下的蓝藻水华大规模暴发成为重要的环境问题,对蓝藻准确、高效和实时的监测是蓝藻水华防控的关键.近年来,环境DNA（environmental DNA,eDNA）宏条形码技术开始应用于蓝藻群落监测,弥补了显微镜镜检法物种鉴定难和受主观经验影响大的缺点.eDNA宏条形码为快速和大规模蓝藻群落监测提供了可能,其应用尚处于初步探索阶段,数据处理方法尚不成熟,因此有必要从引物选择、序列聚类、注释方法和绝对定量4个层面系统综述eDNA宏条形码技术在蓝藻群落监测中的研究进展,以推进eDNA宏条形码在蓝藻群落监测中的应用.引物选择应针对目标蓝藻类群,16S rRNA基因数据库涵盖蓝藻物种范围广,是最常用的eDNA宏条形码,但16S-23S rRNA基因间隔区域（internal transcribed spacer,ITS）和功能基因在属内物种间具有较好的区分效果,为eDNA宏条形码在蓝藻物种水平注释提供可能.序列聚类一般通过设定物种间分类阈值进行OTUs聚类,但可能丢失序列相似度高于分类阈值的不同物种;序列差异低至单核苷酸变异方法的应用进一步区分了隐蔽的物种和生态型,产生的序列具有生物学意义,可以实现跨数据集间的比较分析.在注释方法上,基于数据库参考序列距离相似度的注释方法,注释结果的分辨率和准确度不高;基于系统进化位置的注释方法,提升了注释结果的准确度,反映了物种间的进化关系.加入外源DNA的内标法,以及基于细胞体积和基因拷贝数目关系的细胞体积校正系数法为eDNA宏条形码物种丰度的绝对定量提供了可能.